Vascular Dementia and Dementia

Alzheimer’s pathophysiology

Alzheimer’s ailment is a modern dementia with lack of neurons and the presence of two foremost microscopic neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Early onset AD, a rare familial shape, is prompted due to mutation of 1 out of 3 genes: (amyloid precursor protein), (presenilin 2) or (presenilin 1).  Sporadic shape takes place generally after age of 65 and bills for most instances; it maximum probable effects from a mixture of genetic and influence of surroundings. Confirmed hazard factors for sporadic AD are age and the presence of the E4 allele of (Apo lipoprotein E). Amyloid plaques contain specifically of the neurotoxic peptide amyloid (Aβ, Abeta), cleaved sequentially from a bigger precursor protein (APP) through two enzymes: β-secretase (also known as BACE1) and γ-secretase (comprising 4 proteins, presenilin is one in every of them). If APP is first cleaved by way of the enzyme α-secretase rather than β-secretase then Aβ isn't always fashioned. Neurofibrillary tangles contain especially of the protein tau which binds with microtubules, which facilitating the neuronal shipping system. Tau uncoupling from microtubules and aggregation into tangles inhibits transport and consequences in disassembly of microtubule. Phosphorylation of tau might have an crucial function on this. Selective vulnerability of neuronal structures which includes the cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic and glutamatergic systems form the premise of modern-day rational pharmacological remedy.

•              Stem cells and Cell death

•              Cellular signaling, kinases, phosphatases, calcium

•              Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

•              Tau Pathology of Alzheimers Disease

•              Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease